As a young man growing up in Nigeria; I had a typical African-child upbringing where mental health wasn't even a concept. You were expected to be mentally and emotionally tough irrespective of what socially awkward or abnormal situations you found yourself or were put in. So, to harm yourself just because you were cussed intermittently or knocked around for not having "commonsense" was a sign of weakness alien to the African child. It was a behaviour that was seen as being exclusive to Western children and not one expected of toughen up African child.
Today, it is a global issue often manifested from bouts of depression that many teenagers of the Gen Z generation now contend with. Thus, it is important that we understand this dangerous behaviour and know what to look out for and how to respond to it.

What is Deliberate Self-harm?
Deliberate self-harm (DSH) refers to the intentional act of inflicting harm on one's body, typically without the intent of suicide. Common methods include cutting, burning, hitting, or other forms of injury. While self-harm is often a way of coping with emotional pain, it can signal deeper psychological issues such as depression, anxiety, or trauma.

Why Do Teenagers Self-harm?
Teenagers may engage in self-harm for various reasons, including:

Coping with Emotional Distress: Some teens use self-harm as a way to release intense feelings, gain control over emotions, or escape emotional numbness.
Expression of Pain: Many teens struggle to articulate their internal pain, and self-harm becomes a physical manifestation of their emotional suffering.
Peer Influence: In some cases, self-harm behaviors may arise from peer groups where it is discussed or normalized.
Feelings of Shame or Self-hatred: Teens with low self-esteem or feelings of guilt may engage in self-harm as a form of self-punishment.
Warning Signs of Deliberate Self-harm
Parents, teachers, and friends can play a crucial role in identifying early signs of self-harm. While self-harm can be hidden, there are several physical and emotional indicators to watch out for:

Physical Signs:
Unexplained Injuries: Look for frequent cuts, burns, or bruises, particularly on areas of the body that are easily concealed, such as the wrists, thighs, or stomach.
Wearing Long Clothing in Warm Weather: Teens may wear long sleeves or pants even in hot conditions to hide injuries.
Frequent "Accidents": They may offer vague or implausible explanations for their injuries, such as falling or accidents that seem inconsistent with the type of wounds.
Emotional and Behavioral Signs:
Mood Changes: Frequent mood swings, increased irritability, sadness, or withdrawal from family and friends may indicate emotional distress.
Secrecy: Teens who self-harm may become more secretive, particularly about their bodies or activities. They may isolate themselves, avoid discussions about their feelings, or stay in their rooms for long periods.
Decline in School Performance: Self-harming teens may struggle to focus on academics or show a sudden drop in grades due to emotional turmoil.
Risk-taking Behaviors: They might engage in other risky behaviors, such as substance abuse or reckless actions, as a way of coping or further self-punishment.
What to Do if You Suspect Self-harm?
If you notice these warning signs, it’s essential to approach the situation with care, understanding, and support:

Start a Conversation: Find a private and calm moment to gently express your concern. Avoid judgmental or confrontational language. Let them know you’ve noticed they seem upset or hurt and you are there to help.

Listen Actively: Encourage them to talk about their feelings. Avoid offering immediate solutions or dismissing their emotions. Sometimes, feeling heard is the first step to healing.

Seek Professional Help: Self-harm is often a sign of deeper emotional or mental health struggles. A therapist or counselor can help the teenager explore the underlying issues and develop healthier coping mechanisms.

Create a Supportive Environment: Build a network of supportive friends, family, and mental health professionals. Encourage open communication, and reduce any potential stressors that may be contributing to their emotional distress.

Be Patient: Recovery from self-harm can take time. It’s important to be patient, avoid pressuring the teen, and continue offering support even if setbacks occur.

Conclusion
Deliberate self-harm in teenagers is a complex and concerning issue that requires empathy, understanding, and professional intervention. By recognizing the warning signs and approaching the situation with care, you can help the teenager find healthier ways to cope with their emotional struggles.